恢复黑暗的天空

寒江吹雪

电器照明时代已经来临。最初，夜间照明只是为了提升安全系数，发展到后来，夜间照明就变成招牌和广告组成的夜间景观了。各种夜间照明系统充斥着我们的生活。
然而，灯光在给予我们景观的同时，却带来了光污染，灯光扰乱了自然的平衡，人们沉浸在迷人的灯光中，却忘记欣赏美丽的星空。
无论你是生活在大都市还是小村庄，都请关闭照明电器，用月光来替代照明电器。不让照明系统遮住本属于星空的光辉，所有人都一起来欣赏夜空。
由于人们每天处在丰富的光源中，因此，人自身对于光的敏感度逐渐降低。其实，人们的眼睛可以感知环境，即使在深夜中，月光也足以让人们识别周围的物体和寻找道路。
维也纳每天晚上减少50%的照明，由此减少了本市的光污染，与此同时，还为维也纳每年节省20万欧元。
仅在美国，光污染的能耗金额高达2.2亿美元，首先是来自商业照明的能源浪费，占36%，其次是运动场照明，占32%，交通照明占12%，最后是家庭照明占9%。
POSCH指出，100年前路灯照明只有0.25勒克斯的照度，现在大约有25-75勒克斯的照度。POSCH鼓励减少一半甚至四分之三的照明流量。
许多研究人员和设计师们走到一起，分析室外照明对生态的影响，并致力于提高公共的能源意识。这些研究人员便于1988年组织了“暗夜协会”。与此同时，政府也建立了多种跨学科的研究项目，例如德国的“亏损之夜”项目。
“地球一小时”是一个家喻户晓的项目，该项目鼓励地球上的所有人民关灯一小时，它已经是一个世界性的事件。


The advent of electrical lighting has allowed us to colonise the night. Not only have kilometres of street lighting ensured higher levels of safety, but signs, advertisements, etc. continue to draw us into nocturnal landscapes.
But what happens when lighting upsets our natural balance? When we lose the beauty of the dark sky, the stars? What happens when lighting turns into pollution?
Irrespective of whether you live in an Asian megacity or a small village in the Alps, electrical lighting has replaced moonlight. Particles in the sky reflect urban light emissions and reduce the opportunity to enjoy the stars at night. Not only does this “sky glow” affect people, particularly astronomers, but also other organisms, such as birds that are orientated by stars.
Due to the abundance of light, we have almost forgotten how sensitively our eyes can perceive the environment at night. Moonlight is sufficient for us to identify objects around us and find our way.
The city of Vienna confirmed this phenomenon by reducing street lighting by 50% for one hour each night. As Thomas Posch from the University of Vienna’s institute for astrophysics  discovered, hardly anyone noticed – except for astronomers, who detected a significant reduction in light pollution. The city treasury, on the other hand, was all too aware of this phenomenon: they saved 200,000 Euro per year.
In the U.S. alone, light pollution wastes energy amounting up to $2.2 billion per year, as stated by the Dark-Sky Association. Christian Luginbuhl, astronomer at the United States Naval Observatory, Flagstaff Station, and his team discovered that the light pollution of Flagstaff, Arizona derives firstly from commercial lighting (36%) and then from illuminated sports grounds (32%), traffic ways (12%) as well as from private households (9%).
Posch points out that 100 years ago street lighting alongside roads had only an illuminance of 0,25 Lux, whereas today we have between 25 to 75 Lux on busy roads. Posch encourages a reduction of lighting by half or even three-quarters for low traffic periods.
Many researchers and designers have come together to analyse the ecological effects of outdoor lighting and to raise public awareness. The Dark Sky Association, for example, was founded in 1988. Governments have established interdisciplinary research projects, such as the “Loss of the Night” project in Germany, that consider light pollution from technical, social, ecological, and health perspectives.
The “Earth Hour” project, a more symbolic occurrence, where all lights were switched off for one hour in Sydney in 2007, has transformed into a worldwide event, with 7001 cities in 153 countries partaking this year.

梦坠☆星辰

现在在城市里，即使是很好的天气，看到的星星也就那么一点点亮光